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目的 氯乙烯(vinyl chloride,VC)是合成聚氯乙烯(PVC)塑料的重要原料，可对人体健康产生多种不良作用。本文基于试验动物和人体暴露VC的毒性效应资料进行健康危害评估，旨在确定其安全的暴露水平，为其暴露风险评估提供科学依据。方法 本研究采用系统性文献检索方法，收集VC毒理学资料，对VC进行危害识别和危害特征描述，依据现有毒理学数据评估其安全的暴露水平。结果 VC是一种多系统、多器官的化学毒物，长期暴露毒性作用靶器官主要为肝，还可导致机体的生殖发育毒性、遗传毒性和致癌性等多种毒性效应。试验动物长期吸入暴露所引起的肝毒性或致癌性的未观察到有害作用剂量(NOAEL)或基准剂量下限值(BMDL)可低至每天6.3～10 ppm(16.4～26.0 mg/m3)，外推到人的每日耐受剂量(TDI)为0.06～0.1 ppm(0.16～0.26 mg/m3)。人群资料研究表明，VC作业工人长期暴露低浓度(时间加权平均容许浓度)，如0.5～2.3 ppm(1.4～6.0 mg/m3)，低于国家标准值10.0 mg/m3(3.8 ppm)的VC，其肝、神经及生殖系统等毒性效应发生率明显增加。结论 目前我国VC职业接触容许浓度标准值相对偏高，为更好地维护职业人群健康，建议相关部门尽快开展适度降低我国VC职业接触容许浓度标准值的必要性和可行性研究。
Abstract：Objective Vinyl chloride( VC),an important raw material for the synthesis of polyvinyl chloride( PVC),induce various adverse effects on human health. This article conducted a health hazard assessment based on the toxicity character of VC in experimental animals and human being,so as to determine its safe level of exposure and provide scientific basis for its risk assessment.Methods The toxicological data of VC were collected by systematic literature search. The hazard identification and characteristics of VC were carried out depending on toxicological data. Finally the safe levels of exposure of VC were determined through systemic analysis.Results VC is a chemical toxicant that affects multiple systems and organs. The mainly target organ of long-term exposure is liver,and it can also cause various toxic effects such as reproductive and developmental toxicity,genotoxicty,and carcinogenicity in the body. The NOAEL or BMDL for liver toxicity or carcinogenicity of experimental animals on long-term inhalation exposure could be as low as 6.3-10 ppm( 16. 4～26. 0 mg/m3) per day,which could extrapolate the tolerable daily intake( TDI) of approximately 0. 06～0. 1 ppm( 0. 16～0. 26 mg/m3)for humans. Research on population data showed that exposed to VC for a long time at low concentrations,such as 0. 5 ～ 2. 3 ppm( 1. 4 ～6. 0 mg/m3),which even lower than the national standard value of 10. 0 mg/m3( 3.8 ppm) significantly increase the incidence of toxic effects on the liver,nervous system,and reproductive system. Conclusion The currently used the standard value of occupational exposure concentration for VC in China was relatively high. In order to better maintain the health of the occupational population,it was recommended that relevant departments conducted the feasible studies in order to moderately reduce the standard value of occupational exposure concentration for VC in China as soon as possible.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.16421/j.cnki.1002-3127.2025.05.006
中图分类号:R994
引用信息:
[1]杜宏举,李国君,宁钧宇,等.氯乙烯的健康危害评估[J].毒理学杂志,2025,39(05):319-327.DOI:10.16421/j.cnki.1002-3127.2025.05.006.
基金信息:
首都高层次公共卫生毒理学科学科带头人(#02-08)